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The data revealed that coyote urine, but not PEA, was effective in inducing a complete profile of anti-predator defensive behaviors characterized by avoidance, risk assessment, freezing and a reduction in exploratory behavior. We conclude that commercially available coyote urine satisfies the first criterion of a defense inducing unconditioned predator odor stimulus. In order to fully validate the use of coyote urine as an anxiety- and/or fear-like threat stimulus, future research needs to examine whether it produces aversive conditioning