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A total of 46 studies (combined sample of 1,801) were included in this systematic review, comprising studies of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, magnetic stimulation and vibratory stimulation. Of the 46 studies, 7 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 36 were non-RCTs and 3 were case reports. Most studies (43/46) reported improvements in bowel (5/5), bladder (32/35) and sexual (6/6) dysfunction after SCI. However, the quality of the included studies was variable and associated with a high risk of bias. Thus, well-designed,