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The cell viability, intracellular ROS, and phosphatidyl serine exposure were detected by MTT assay, DCFH-DA, and annexin V-FITC/PI method, correspondingly. The P-ERK/ERK ratio, apoptosis (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3), and autophagy (LC3 II/I ratio and beclin-1) markers in cells were examined by the western blot strategy. The pretreatment of HEK-293 cells with TSC can decrease contrast-induced cytotoxicity through antioxidant impact and modulate ERK, apoptosis, and