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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative damage to proteins and generate deleterious by-products which induce a breakdown of immune tolerance and produce antibodies against host macromolecules with implication in human diseases. This study characterizes the hydroxyl radical (OH) modifications of insulin, evaluates its cytotoxicity and immunogenicity, and probes its role in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) autoimmunity. The results demonstrate susceptibility of insulin to modifications induced by OH, causing exposure of its chromophoric aroma
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