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Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) found significant differences between the three groups for parameters blood loss (p  0.001), procedure time (p  0.001), and total instrument path length (p = 0.03). These three metrics demonstrated high internal consistency and significant test-retest reliability was found between each of them. Relevant pass/fail levels were established for each of the three metrics, 541ml, 30min, and 71m, respectively. This study provides validity evidence for a simulator-based test of VATS lobectomy competence including multiple lobes

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Current smokers undergoing lobectomy are at greater risk of complications than former smokers. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) composite score for rating program performance for lobectomy adjusts for smoking status, a modifiable risk factor. We examined variability in the proportion of current smokers undergoing lobectomy among STS database participants. Additionally, we determined whether each participant's rating changed if smoking was excluded from the risk adjustment model. This is a retrospective analysis of the STS cohort u