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BACKGROUND Self-reported smoking behavior is widely used in identifying the eligibility for lung cancer screening (LCS). In clinical trials, self-reported smoking status was shown to be a reliable measure, while its effectiveness outside of trial settings remains to be clarified. We aimed to verify self-reported smoking status with serum cotinine levels among LCS-eligible adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS From the combined 1999-2018 NHANES data, we selected adults (aged ≥18 years) with