https://www.selleckchem.com/pr....oducts/ssr128129e.ht
05) lower removal efficiencies of total suspended solids (TSS) and BOD5 than VF1, and both units failed to meet the BOD5 discharge limit. In C2 conditions, removal efficiencies reached 82% TSS, 97% BOD5, 76-81% ammonia, and 60-66% TN, without significant differences between VF1 and VF2 units. Removal efficiencies were significantly higher for configuration C2 than that for C1, due to the positive effect of the upper fine sand layer. The presence of this fine sand layer doubled the water retention time and increased the removal rates,
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