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Free energy evaluation in molecular simulations of both classical and quantum systems is computationally intensive and requires sophisticated algorithms. This is because free energy depends on the volume of accessible phase space, a quantity that is inextricably linked to the integration measure in a coordinate representation of a many-body problem. In contrast, the same problem expressed as a field theory (auxiliary field or coherent states) isolates the particle number as a simple parameter in the Hamiltonian or action functional and
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