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It is used when neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been utilized and the cystectomy pathology report is locally advanced. The best outcomes are for low-volume node positive patients.In bladder preservation protocols (aiming to decreased morbidity associated with cystectomy and chemotherapy), several regimens have been utilized in combination with radiation therapy. No standardized treatmentis available as no comparisons with cystectomy have been done. Chemotherapy has been utilized for several decades in muscle invasive bladder cancer without