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Microvascular decompression (MVD) and vagoglossopharyngeal rhizotomy (VGR) are effective treatment for glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN). However, surgical choice is controversial due to the need to maximize pain relief and reduce complications. To retrospectively compare safety, efficacy, long-term quality of life (QOL), and global impression of change following MVD and VGR for treatment of GN. Patient database reviews and telephone surveys were conducted to assess baseline characteristics and long-term outcomes. The effects of pain an

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Presepsinalbumin ratio may be a novel marker of poor prognosis in patients with sepsis in intensive care units.Here we introduce a series of behavioural tasks to assess inter-individual variability in behaviours exhibited by the cephalopod mollusc Octopus vulgaris. We propose that, by using octopus' predatory behavioural response, it is possible to measure (1) the ability to adapt to the captive condition (acclimatization), (2) the response towards novel stimuli (neophobia), (3) the capability of social learning, (4) the ability of solving