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Furthermore, IL-4 showed higher expression in symptomatic dogs than in asymptomatic ones (p less then 0.05, Mann-Whitney test), which was directly associated with clinical manifestations (p less then 0.05, Chi-square test). However, IL-12 was predominantly expressed in symptomatic dogs, shifting the balance from IL-12/IL-4 to IL-12, which elicits a change in the inflammatory response. Leishmania was not found in the renal tissues in any one of the studied groups. Our data suggests that the balance between IL-12 and IL-4 plays an importa