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The nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) in the caudal medulla is famous to serve as the ultimate premotor interneuronal output system for vocalization. Although neurochemical microstimulation when you look at the NRA itself also generated vocalizations, they just consisted of guttural sounds, the EMGs of which involved only small elements of the EMGs for the mews, howls, and cries created by neurochemical stimulation into the PAG. These outcomes show that positive and negative vocalizations are produced i
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