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Instead, the GNMs can oxidize the cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) thereby causing oxidative damage. The oxidative capacity follows the order G-COOH G-OH G-NH2, which correlated with the antibacterial activity. Cell autolysis, the degradation of cell wall component peptidoglycan, was found to be a new mechanism inducing the death of bacteria. G-COOH and G-OH caused more cell autolysis than G-NH2, which accounts partially for the different toxicity of the three GNMs. The findings provide significant insights into the mechan