https://www.selleckchem.com/pr....oducts/dl-alanine.ht
Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated Ca-GG+IL-4 hydrogel bead could promote M2 macrophage polarization and reduce cell apoptosis in vivo. In addition, micro-CT and immunohistochemical analysis at 12weeks post-surgery showed that Ca-GG+IL-4 hydrogel bead could achieve superior bone defect repair efficacy in vivo. The Ca-GG+IL-4 hydrogel bead effectively promoted bone defect regeneration via regulating macrophage polarization, reducing cell apoptosis and promoting BMSCs osteogenesis through TGF-β1/Smad pathway. Therefore
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