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Complications with VATS-PDA occurred in eight out of 36 cases. There were three cases of pneumothorax, two of thoracotomy transition, two of pulmonary hemorrhage, and four of post-ligation cardiac syndrome (PLCS). VATS-PDA-related death occurred in two cases because of PLCS. The frequency of four or more times of indomethacin with or without postoperative complications was 88% vs. 39% (p=0.04), respectively. All postoperative deaths were caused by PLCS, which had the highest risk of poor prognosis. VATS-PDA should be considere