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These general results provide insights into the physical mechanisms underlying nonequilibrium processes. A continuous-time random-walk model and a generalized model of stochastic gene expression are chosen to clearly show dissipative sources and the relationship between energy dissipation and molecular memory.Gyrokinetic simulations of turbulence are fundamental to understanding and predicting particle and energy loss in magnetic fusion devices. Previous works have used model collision operators with approximate field-particle terms of u