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Interestingly, transport of clay colloids increased with the increasing pH from 5.0 to 9.0; however, CIP transport decreased with the increasing pH in the presence of clay colloids. The observations were likely attributable to pH-dependent ciprofloxacin adsorption/desorption to clay minerals. Increasing the concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 generally decreased the contaminant-mobilizing ability of montmorillonite colloids, mainly by increasing the aggregation of colloids and thus, decreasing the transport of colloid-adsorbed CIP. Moreover, under the test con