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The performance indices (peak ratio and success rate) of our GPSA were compared with those of existing niching PSOs (ring-topology PSO and fitness Euclidean-distance ratio PSO). The basic performance of our GPSA was comparable to that of the existing methods. Furthermore, an improved GPSA with a dynamic parameter delivered significantly superior results to the existing methods on at least 60% of the tested benchmark functions. While self-help groups have been formed among people living with HIV, few studies have been conducted to assess