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The central amygdala (CeA) is critically involved in a range of adaptive behaviors, including defensive behaviors. Neurons in the CeA send long-range projections to a number of extra-amygdala targets, but the functions of these projections remain elusive. Here, we report that a previously neglected CeA-to-globus pallidus external segment (GPe) circuit plays an essential role in classical fear conditioning. By anatomic tracing, in situ hybridization and channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-assisted circuit mapping in both male and female mice, we fou

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These findings in this study have major implications for the understanding of C15ORF41 and Codanin-1 function and CDA-I. Copyright 2020 The Author(s).BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is the 9th most-common cause of cancer worldwide and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. TMB is an emerging biomarker in cancer characterized by microsatellite instability. TMB has been described as a powerful predictor of tumor behavior and response to immunotherapy. METHODS A total of 443 bladder cancer samples obtained from TCGA were analyzed for