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The model results show a very high correlation between the predicted data and the actual data. R2 equals 0.90, 0.86, 0.92, and 0.90 for the thickness, porosity, roughness, and density of the fouling layer, respectively. As a promising approach, real-time monitoring of fouling layers on the surface of FO membranes and the prediction of fouling layer characteristics using deep learning models can characterize and control membrane fouling in FO and other membrane processes.Surface oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs) at different sites of carbonaceous ma