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These include several key osteoclast-differentiation/function-associated genes such as Scinderin, OCSTAMP, Atp6v0d2, OSCAR, RhoU, Usp18, MMP9, and Trim30. The difference between AP-002 and zoledronic acid is also seen in its effects on osteogenesis. Osteoblast mineralization was promoted by AP-002 (0.1-3.0 μM), whereas zoledronic acid showed toxicity to osteoblasts at the concentration 0.5 μM, in the same dose range where it causes osteoclast cell death. Zoledronic acid therefore has no therapeutic window in its toxic effect on osteoc