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Modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) beads serve as effective anaerobic microbe immobilization carriers. PVA beads were mixed with different conductive materials, activated carbon, magnetite, and green tuff stone powder. In this study, modified PVA beads were used to investigate the effect of using, promote methane production, and enhance direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) on the anaerobic syntrophic degradation of propionate, which is an essential intermediate process for generating methane in anaerobic digesters. The batch exper