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riparia had the greatest phenotypic plasticity. North American species exhibited significant differences in tooth areablade area. Intermediate developmental stages were most likely to exhibit phenotypic plasticity, and only V. amurensis exhibited phenotypic plasticity in later developmental stages. CONCLUSIONS Leaves have variable phenotypic plasticity along the vine. Environmental signal was strongest in intermediate developmental stages. This is significant for leaf physiognomic-paleoclimate proxies because these leaves are li

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Bladder-preserving trimodality therapy (TMT), consisting of trans-urethral bladder tumor resection followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy, is an established standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. For appropriately selected patients, TMT offers oncologic outcomes comparable to radical cystectomy while preserving the patient's native bladder. Optimal TMT outcomes require careful patient selection, which is currently based on clinical and pathologic factors. The role of immune checkpoint blockade (IC in TMT is