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Progressive accumulation of the pre-synaptic protein α-synuclein (α-syn) has been strongly associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DL, and multiple system atrophy. While the precise mechanisms are not fully understood, alterations in kinase pathways including that of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 have been proposed to play a role. In AD, p38α activation has been linked to neuro-inflammatio

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Women who smoke may be motivated to switch to vaping (use electronic cigarettes, e-cigs) around pregnancy in seeking to alleviate known hazards of smoking. E-cigs typically contain nicotine but either eliminates or greatly reduces exposure to the combustion products of tobacco. We studied a U.S.-wide representative sample of 31,973 live singleton births in 2016. In the three months before pregnancy, 5029 (14%) mothers exclusively smoked tobacco ("sole smokers" and 976 (3%) used both tobacco and e-cigs ("dual-users". Among pre-pregnanc