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Species, such as humans and mice, with small piRNA clusters, may experience severe fitness reductions during invasions of novel TEs, which is possibly even threatening the persistence of some populations. This work also raises the important question of how piRNA clusters evolve. We propose that the size of piRNA clusters may be at an equilibrium between evolutionary forces that act to expand and contract piRNA clusters. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolutio